Assessment - Resuscitation and Early Management

Question: Discuss about the Assessment, Resuscitation and Early Management. Answer: Introduction: Clinical reasoning is the term generally used interchangeably with clinical judgment, problem solving, decision making and critical thinking. Clinical reasoning is the stepwise approach incorporating collection of cues and information, processing of the information, understanding patients exact problem, planning and implementing nursing interventions and evaluation of outcomes. Clinical reasoning is not a linear process, however it is complex process comprising of different steps. Tasks in the clinical reasoning should be modified according to the condition of the patient. Clinical reasoning is very important aspect in nursing intervention because it has positive impact of the outcome of the patient. An improper clinical reasoning would result in the wrong diagnosis and consequently wrong treatment. As a result, there is possibility of deterioration of the patient. Adverse patient outcome can be prevented by accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment and appropriate management of rela ted complications. All these three aspects can be effectively implemented using clinical reasoning (Cooper and Frain, 2016). In case of Katie clinical reasoning is used for her assessment. Nurse described about Katie, collected information about medical condition of Katie, understood her exact problem, planned and implemented nursing interventions for Katie. In this essay all these steps are discussed. Assessment of Katie should include medical, social and psychological aspects. Hence, nurse should be well versed with all these aspects for implementing clinical reasoning in case of Katie. Katie a 23 year old woman is admitted to the hospital due to sustained haematoma 18 hours ago because she was hit by a slow moving car. After assessment, it was observed that she had mild traumatic brain injury. Intracranial hemorrhage and haematoma are very common in persons with traumatic brain injury. Approximately 50 % patients with traumatic brain injury suffer through haematoma. This haematoma can be indentified in first four hours of the brain injury (Qureshi et al., 2015). From the literature, it is evident that persons of Katies age, are less susceptible to brain injury as compared to the older people. Because in older people, chances of brain injury are more due to fall. Younger people of Katies age can recover fast in terms of neurological symptoms as compared to the older people. This age people can recover from neurological symptoms in approximately 5 years (Plata et al., 2008). Collect cues and information: From the provided handover, her heart rate was 89 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 13 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation (Sp02) was 96 %. All these values indicated that her heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were normal. Her Glasgow Coma Score was 14. It indicated she had mild coma. Her blood pressure was 142/78 mmHg. Her systolic blood pressure was higher than normal while diastolic blood pressure was normal. She was forgetting recent information and remembering with some prompting. It indicates that she had developed little memory loss. There was information missing about the pupillary size and reaction to light because brain injury can directly affect retina. Her temperature recording was also missing because patients with brain injury are susceptible to pyrexia. Recording of central venous pressure was also missing from her handover because in patients with brain injury there is possibility of increase in intracranial pressure. Her haematology full bl ood count and coagulation screening should have been performed; however this information was missing from her handover. Her blood sugar level and urinary output using urinary catheter should have been done. Also, in the provided handover there was no information about the medications which were used as an initial therapy. These medications should have been mentioned in handover because it would have been used to plan further management of Katie (Moppett, 2007). Her past medical history revealed that she was suffering through painful ankle mainly due to basketball. However, she used to avoid consumption of painkillers. Process information: From the evaluated parameters, it was evident that Katies heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were in the normal range. Heart rate should be 70- 100 beats per minute, respiratory rate should be 12 20 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation should be above 94 % for the person of Katies age. From the literature, it is evident that persons with subdural haematoma generally develops hypertension. In case of Katie also, it was observed that she had developed systolic hypertension. Glasgow Coma Score between 13 14 is considered as mild coma. Her coma score was within this range. Persons with brain injury generally develop cardiovascular instability. It includes bradycardia and hypertesion. However, heart rate should be normal. People with brain injury also develop hypoxia, however in case on Katie her oxygen saturation is in the normal range (Adams, 2010). Identify problems/issues: She developed memory loss. Her computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be performed to get more insight of brain injury. Thrombocytopenia should be performed for her because it can be helpful in bleeding diathesis. Her blood group should be taken. It would be helpful in finding matched blood group, if surgical intervention required for subdural haematoma. She should be provided with artificial intubation because patients with brain injury might develop hypoxia. Also she should be provided with central venous catheter. It would be useful in monitoring intracranial pressure because in patients with brain injury there is possibility of increase in the intracranial pressure. This intracranial venous catheter would also be useful in providing fluid and drugs (Blissitt, 2006). Persons of Katies age are not generally associated with the hypertension. However, due to brain injury and haematoma, she developed hypertension. Other persons who are not experienci ng this condition, would not have memory loss and they would be conscious. However, Katie is suffering through memory loss and mild coma. There is possibility of hyperpyrexia and hypercarbia in Katie. This condition would not be there in persons without brain injury. Katie may need artificial intubation as she may develop hypoxia and blood loading. However, persons without brain injury may not require artificial intubation and blood loading (Moppett, 2007). There is possibility of development of paralysis in Katie. There is possibility of vision loss and other complications due to retinal injury. However, in people of Katies age, there is less possibility of development of paralysis and retinal complications. There is possibility of proprioceptive dysfunction in Katie. There is possibility of sensory processing disorder in Katie. This sensory processing disorder comprises of speech impairment, memory loss and cognitive impairment. Katie may also develop facial paralysis which is ter med as facial palsy. People without brain injury may not develop these conditions (Ponsford et al., 2008). Detail the assessment: Nursing and medical goals should be set for Katie. Her blood pressure, respiratory rate and hypoxia should remain normal. For this purpose appropriate medications should be administered to Katie. Her physical assessment and vital signs should be monitored on regular basis. Blood pressure should be measured using blood pressure apparatus and hypoxia should be evaluated by incorporating arterial blood gas (ABG) test. If nurse found abnormality in these values, nurse should consult with doctor to modify treatment accordingly. Nurse should evaluate oxygen saturation before and after artificial intubation. Nurse should consult with the psychologist to take care of her speech problem and cognitive impairment. Nurse should assess her cognitive impairment by giving different tasks (Schultheis and Whipple, 2014; Guy et al., 2014). This would be helpful for nurse to make conclusion on type of memory loss. Nurse should evaluate paralysis in her by assessing reaction time to particular task. Nur se should evaluate her urine output on regular basis because cardiovascular complications can affect urine output. Nurse should use catheter to measure amount of urine collected in prior 24 hours. Nurse should evaluate intracranial pressure of Katie using central venous catheter. In case, if there is raised intracranial pressure observed in Katie, nurse should consult doctor for surgical intervention (Carone and Bush, 2012). Conclusion: Nurse should be well versed with biomedical and clinical sciences for implementing clinical reasoning for Katie. Nurse should be skillful in gathering clinical and medical data. Based on the collected information, nurse should interpret clinical data. This interpretation would be helpful for the nurse to take further action. Next step should be based on the known information and hypothesis based on the clinical data. Nurse should have knowledge of different aspects like history collection, physical examination, differential diagnosis, signs, symptoms and tests. In case Katie, information about her was collected. Persons of Katies age generally doesnt face problem of traumatic brain injury. Heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation of Katie are normal. Her Glasgow Coma Score indicates mild coma. It is evident that she is experiencing memory loss. There should be requirement of tests to be performed for papillary size, pyrexia, central venous pressure, blood count and coagulat ion. These all parameters can be significantly changed in cases of traumatic brain injury. Nurse should use different tests and techniques like ABG and central venous catheter for further evaluation of Katie. Thus with the application of clinical reasoning complete assessment of Katie can be performed and holistic management can be provided. References: Adams, J.P. (2010). Non-neurological complications of brain injury". In John P. Adams; Dominic Bell; Justin McKinlay. Neurocritical care : a guide to practical management. London: Springer. pp. 7788. Blissitt, P.A. (2006). Care of the critically ill patient with penetrating head injury. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 18(3), 32132. Carone, D., and Bush, S.S. (2012). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Symptom Validity Assessment and Malingering. Springer Publishing Company. Cooper, N., and Frain, J. (2016). ABC of Clinical Reasoning. John Wiley Sons. Guy, R., Furmanov, A., Itshayek, E., Shoshan, Y., and Singh, V. (2014). Assessment of a noninvasive cerebral oxygenation monitor in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 120(4), 901907. Moppett, I.K. (2007). Traumatic brain injury: Assessment, resuscitation and early management. British Journal of Anaesthesiology, 99(1), 1831. Plata, C.M., Hart, T., Hammond, F.M., Frol, A., et al., (2008). Impact of Age on Long-term Recovery From Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(5), 896903. Ponsford, J., Draper, K., and Schonberger, M. (2008). Functional outcome 10 years after traumatic brain injury: its relationship with demographic, injury severity, and cognitive and emotional status. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(2), 233242. Qureshi, A.I., Malik, A. A., Adil, M.M., Defillo, A., Sherr, G., and Suri, K. (2015). Hematoma Enlargement Among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: Analysis of a Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial. Journal of vascular and interventional neurology, 8(3), 4249. Schultheis, M. T., and Whipple, E. (2014). Driving after traumatic brain injury: evaluation and rehabilitation interventions. Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, 2(3), 176183.

The Struggles of Life Essay Example For Students

The Struggles of Life Essay Everyone is faced with struggles in life, whether physical or emotional. These strugglesinevitably shape an individuals personality and outlook on life. Timothy Findleys novels, TheWars and Stones, suggest that the consequences of struggles in life result in a journey of self-discovery.War exists in the characters physical and psychological accounts of the horror oflife. In the novel The Wars, Robert Ross actually goes to war and fights in World War I . In thenovel Stones, Minna Joyce encounters a war in her life as a child, trying to survive on the streets. These physical encounters with war lead to a psychological change in the characters and theirperception of living.Robert and Minnas experiences make them want to escape and helpothers overcome the terrible war, in their own lives. Furthermore, experiencing these strugglesleads to the characters ultimate realization and self-discovery of life and of themselves. Thehorrors of war which Robert endures are instrumental in his psychol ogical change. Minnasexperiences in life, in death and her internal struggles, lead her on a journey of self-discovery. We will write a custom essay on The Struggles of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the novel The Wars, Robert Ross is a sensitive nineteen year old boy who experiencesfirst-hand the horrors of battle as a Canadian Soldier in the First World War. Being named aLieutenant shortly after arriving in Europe, Robert is thrust into combat. While advancing to thefront with his troops Robert witnesses his first images of the brutality of war: He was taking his troops to the front and they were walking along a road that had been shelled and there was a soldier lying dead by the road whose head had been smashed. It was an awful shock. The first dead man hed seen.(The Wars 99)Robert has not yet experienced anything that could prepare him for the conditions he faces. In 2this instance, Robert experiences brutality for the first time, in the form of a dead body whichhas been gruesomely wounded. The shock of seeing a dead body can be very disturbing to anyindividual, and not even an experienced veteran could be prepared for the horrific sight Robertendures here. Minna Joyce , a writer in the novel Stones, also experiences and reacts to thehorrors of life. Minnas war is not like the World War in which Robert participates, but is astruggle with everyday life in the large city of Toronto. Minna witnesses horrific sights on with all its resident rubbies and gentle crazies, dressed in all weathers in their summer coats . .. and their eyes as crafty and innocent all at once as the eyes of bears.(Stones11)Minna Joyce experiences the harsh reality of individuals who have nothing, and are forced tolive on the streets of downtown Toronto. Minna was brought up in an area of the city inhabitedby many homeless people, orartistsas she calls them, a little less horrifying. The thought of having to watch the people suffer is horrifying to her. The war of life is apparent in thechallenges that both Minna and Robert are faced with in their lives. One of the most notableevents which Robert faces is trench warfare during the First World War. After being sent awaywith a small battalion to begin the digging of another trench, Robert comes back to the front tofind the trench destroyed and his comrades dead. When they made their way back through the trench there was nothing left alive. They had all been gassed or had frozen to death. Those who lay in water were profiled in ice. Everything was green: their faces and their fingers and their buttons and the snow.(The Wars146) 3In this situation, Robert witnesses many of the horrific ways in which soldiers were killed duringthe First World War. Snow and the bitterly cold weather attributed to many Canadian soldiersdeaths during World War One, and nearly one thousand men died from frost bite alone. Thesight of his friends frozen dead in the water is terrifying, and to look down and see anothersoldier in the ice with his entire body green is a gruesome image. One of the most popular anddeadly tactics used by the Germans during World War One was chlorine gas, which Robert waslucky to survive. He is subjected to the poison when it was sent up into the atmosphere whichproduced huge masses of chlorine gas clouds. These clouds made their way a cross no mansland, to the trenches, killing all in sight including Roberts comrades. Minnas experiences inlife are not to the same degree comparable to Roberts, but can be related to everyday life. Robert struggles in World War One, experiencing brutality and death at its worst. Minnastruggles on the streets of Toronto. Both characters struggle for survival in life. Robertsexperiences are quite extreme and the average person may not be able to relate to them. Eventhough Minnas experiences are common, they are nonetheless frightening. Minnasexperiences with the homeless became more terrifying when she had to live on the streets. alife of inherited privilege mixed with deliberate squalor. (Stones11) She spent some nightson the streets because she could not find work. She was subjected to the horror that peoplebelieve it will never happen to them. Queen Street and, in fact, the whole of Parkdale offered aworld of unwanted people (Stones51) Minna was a part of a war that is lasting lon ger thanWorld War One. Although the books are set in different time periods, both Minna and Robertstruggle to survive day to day. Their situations are different but the goals are the same; survival. Roberts physical accounts of trench warfare and Minnas physical accounts with the homeless 4displays to the reader the fact that war exists in a physical state. The consequences of the warwith life allow the two characters to justify who they are, and help them to become mentallyThe psychological change in the characters dispositions and their increasing awareness of the importance of life is evident throughout the novels The Wars and Stones. ThroughRoberts experiences with the utter brutality of war, he experiences a psychological change incharacter. After being saved a day earlier on the battlefield by one of his comrades, Robertexperiences difficulty trying to get to sleep. All he wanted was a dream. Escape. But nobodydreams on a Battlefield. There isnt any sleep that long. Dreams an d distance are the same. (The Wars102) At the young age of nineteen, dreams are common. The impact of the war hasbegun to affect Robert, as he has difficulty even dreaming. Sleep and the night are veryimportant to soldiers. The ability to dream allows them to leave the horror of war on earth andenter into a fantasy where they can forget. Roberts inability to dream is based on the fact thathis mind is filled with the horrors of war which prevent him from entering this dreamworld. Minna also experiences a psychological change in her perceptions of living. She, too, wantedto escape. (Stones43)Minna and her husband both want to depart the reality of their life inParkdale. She wanted trees and grass in their backyard, which is not conceivable when living ina small apartment. Minna, like Robert, wants to escape the reality of life as she knows it, and bein a place where everything is splendid. Minna wanted even once a week to make her waydown the and into the street without the ever-prese nt threat of someone elses panic waiting tograb her sleeve. (Stones44) Minna seems to enjoy working with the homeless, but shewould just like to get away once in a while to have more peace and security. Minna and Robert 5both want deliverance from the horror in their lives. In the novel Heart of Darkness Kurtzs finalwords are, The horror, the horror (Conrad 118). These words are Kurtzs final judgement ofwhat he succumbed to in both the Congo and in his psychological journey into his own heart ofdarkness. The horrors that Robert and Minna face are reality and must not be forgotten. Thedifference between Kurtz and Robert and Minna is that Kurtz succumbs to his inner demons andgoes mad, whereas Robert and Minna do not. Robert has experienced every aspect of the brutality of war. His psychological change isevident through his outlook on life: Robert struck a match and caught the rat by his tail. It squealed as he lifted it over the edge and set it free. Robert wondered afterwards if setting the rat free had been a favour but in the moment that he did it he was thinking: here is someone still alive. And the word alive was amazing.(The Wars127)Robert has witnessed deaths by the thousands, and the difference between a human and animallife has escaped his mind. In this instance, Roberts act of setting the rat free is one that couldbe questioned because of the deaths that he has seen. However, because of the impact of war onhis mind, Robert recognizes the beauty of life in the midst of madness. Robert feels that hecontributed to the saving of a life, which allows him to feel better for that one instant until hegoes back out to fight again. Minnas psychological change is evident when she makes thehomeless person feel wanted. Just to be seen and heard and acknowledged. Thats what theywanted. Witness. Not to be forgotten. (Stones51)Minna likes to see the homeless happy,and feel better about themselves. Minna, like Robert, does not like the reality of thesurrounding s. Minna tries her best to change that by bringing the poor woman, Elizabeth Doyle, 6home to let her sleep in a bed. Minna realizes that all that the people on the streets want is to benoticed and not to be forgotten. The trauma of the horrors of life on Robert and Minna leads thereader to believe that war does have psychological effects on the individual. The charactersphysical and psychological accounts of war lead the characters on their own personal journey of self-discovery. The horrors of war which Robert endures are instrumental in his psychologicalchange. In Roberts final stand to declare the existence of life in the midst of death, he attemptsto save some horses from a burning barn: Robert couldnt stand it any longer and he said to Devlin: Im going to break ranks and save these animals. Will you come with me? Devlin wanted to and said so. But he was afraid of Captain Leather. Leather is insane, said Robert flatly. It cannot be called disobedience to save these animals when theyll be needed, for Gods sake. .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .postImageUrl , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:hover , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:visited , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:active { border:0!important; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:active , .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38799a288da8094871b8a90f21daa8db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Essence of Teamwork EssayThe importance of life to Robert is evident here as he breaks ranks in order to save the horses. Disobeying an order in the army can lead to a Court Marshall, dishonorable discharge and evenworse the possibility of being accused of treason. However, these consequences pale incomparison to the thought of more deaths. Throughout Roberts time as a soldier in the armyduring World War One he witnesses first hand the destruction of war. These horrors of war leadto his psychological transformation which inevitably leads to his journey of self-discovery,recognizing the importance of life in the midst of death. Minna comes to a conclusion along thesame lines as Robert. As Minna is dying of an inoperable cancer of the lung, she moves toAustralia. Her physical accounts of the horror in her life lead to the psychological change whichmade her change location. She has a daughter now and does not want her to grow up with the 7same horror that surrounded Minna as a child. They say it is quite civilized . (Stones 19) Hermove to Australia lead to her journey of self-discovery. She realizes how important life I know why she wanted her ashes scattered there at Ku-Ring-Gai. It was the joy and the liveliness the sense of endless celebration that clung to all figures in the rock.(Stones25)Minna realizes and wants others to realize that everyone, no matter of what the individual lookslike, should be able to enjoy happiness in life. Robert wantes the horses to have the freedom ashe does in life. Minna wants her daughter to have the freedom that she has in life. Minna wantsher daughter to also experience the joy of love and the sense of endless celebration. The figurecut in the stones at Ku-Ring-Gai was a child. The child of the two stick figures rejoicing by its side beneath the moon. And the child had long, albino hair and one six-fingered hand stretched out for all the world to see forever.(Stones26)Minna concludes her life with the discovery with herself. The importance of life to Minna isapparent here, as she wants her daughter, who has six fingers on each hand, to be exposed tosociety. Hiding her from people would show how she does not respect what she created. Insteadshe wants to display her miracle which was created inside her, for everyone to behold. Throughout Minnas time in Toronto on Queens Street, she had witnessed first-hand thedestruction of life. These horror lead to her psychological change which inevitably leads to herjourney of self-discovery.Minna, like Robert, comes to the conclusion of the importance oflife, and how it should be set free to live with others. In many ways, the war of life affects i ndividuals, leading to physical and mental change. 8Through facing hardships in life, one can assess his/her experience and discover more aboutthemselves and the world around them. War does exist in Roberts and Minnas physicalaccounts of the horror of life. Roberts experience is in World War One. Minnas experience islife on the streets of Toronto with the homeless.The psychological change in Robert andMinna can be attributed to their physical encounters of the war in life. Robert and Minna bothchange their view on life because of their struggles. Furthermore, these two worlds lead Robertand Minna to acknowledge the importance of life. Thus, in the novels The Wars and Stones,Findley has demonstrated that the war does have an effect on the individual, leading to a journeyBibliography:?Works CitedConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Markham: Penguin, 1981. Findley, Timothy. Stones. Toronto: Penguin, 1988. .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .postImageUrl , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:hover , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:visited , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:active { border:0!important; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:active , .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724 .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05525706b0fb4a1de2355e8452139724:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Peter the Great Argumentative EssayFindley, Timothy. The Wars. Toronto: Penguin, 1977.

Free Essays on Lowering The Drinking

How do you measure someone’s maturity? It can’t be based on the age of an individual. It is different for every person, in some cases it come very early for. This brings up a lot of questions like, why are you legal to do almost everything else at eighteen but to drink you must wait until twenty-one. The drinking age should be lowered to eighteen because, you can die for your country, vote for your nations’ leader and, be tried as an adult in the court of law. Sure, dying for your county is a great honor, but what makes you mature enough to die on the battle field. I guess your old enough to make the right decision in the line of fire, unless the shots are tequila or any other alcohol. Anyone who gets the news that they have to go out to war, will get little frightened and want a drink to calm themselves down. Why don’t they make the age to join any military service twenty one? If your old enough to go out and kill or be killed, why are you not old enough to drink. The argument of drinking and driving comes up often. People would say that the rate of drinking and driving will become a bigger problem than it is now. Which may be true but, in the research that I have done the statistics were for people age 18-24. This means that it is already going on, which may be wrong but it still is going on. It’s not like drinking and driving is being made legal, even though that’s how some people sound when they talk about lowering the drinking age to eighteen. Another fear is that is will be easier for younger kids to get alcohol. According to the National Youth Right Association, on the frequently asked questions page, â€Å"71 percent of eighth graders say it’s very easy to get alcohol†(www.NYRA.org). That statistic with the drinking age at twenty one, is it really going to go up much from there. In a survey on benge drinking among 18-24 year olds done at Harverd school of public health college,... Free Essays on Lowering The Drinking Free Essays on Lowering The Drinking How do you measure someone’s maturity? It can’t be based on the age of an individual. It is different for every person, in some cases it come very early for. This brings up a lot of questions like, why are you legal to do almost everything else at eighteen but to drink you must wait until twenty-one. The drinking age should be lowered to eighteen because, you can die for your country, vote for your nations’ leader and, be tried as an adult in the court of law. Sure, dying for your county is a great honor, but what makes you mature enough to die on the battle field. I guess your old enough to make the right decision in the line of fire, unless the shots are tequila or any other alcohol. Anyone who gets the news that they have to go out to war, will get little frightened and want a drink to calm themselves down. Why don’t they make the age to join any military service twenty one? If your old enough to go out and kill or be killed, why are you not old enough to drink. The argument of drinking and driving comes up often. People would say that the rate of drinking and driving will become a bigger problem than it is now. Which may be true but, in the research that I have done the statistics were for people age 18-24. This means that it is already going on, which may be wrong but it still is going on. It’s not like drinking and driving is being made legal, even though that’s how some people sound when they talk about lowering the drinking age to eighteen. Another fear is that is will be easier for younger kids to get alcohol. According to the National Youth Right Association, on the frequently asked questions page, â€Å"71 percent of eighth graders say it’s very easy to get alcohol†(www.NYRA.org). That statistic with the drinking age at twenty one, is it really going to go up much from there. In a survey on benge drinking among 18-24 year olds done at Harverd school of public health college,...

Collection of Classic Christmas Poems

Collection of Classic Christmas Poems Classic Christmas poems are a joy to read during the holiday season. They offer a glimpse into how Christmas was celebrated in the decades and centuries of the past. It is likely true that some of these poems have shaped how we view and celebrate Christmas today. As you snuggle beneath the Christmas tree or before the fire, browse some of the poems gathered here for your holiday reading and reflection. They may inspire you to add new traditions to your celebration or even to take up your own pen or keyboard to compose your own verses. Christmas Poems from the 17th Century The traditions of the Christmas season in the 17th century combined the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus with baptized versions of pagan solstice revelries. The Puritans tried to rein it in, even to the extent of banning Christmas. But the poems from these times tell of holly, ivy, the Yule log, mince pie, wassail, feasting, and merriment. William Shakespeare, Lines spoken after the ghost’s exit from Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 1 (1603)George Wither,â€Å"A Christmas Carol† (1622)Robert Herrick,â€Å"Ceremonies for Christmas† (1648)Henry Vaughan,â€Å"The True Christmas† (1678) Christmas Poems from the 18th Century This century saw political revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. From the bucolic list of gifts of fowl in The Twelve Days of Christmas, there is a transition to more somber issues of war and strife in Coleridges A Christmas Carol. Anonymous,â€Å"The Twelve Days of Christmas† (1780)Samuel Taylor Coleridge,â€Å"A Christmas Carol† (1799) Christmas Poems from the 19th Century St. Nicholas and Santa Claus became popular in the United States in the 19th Century and A Visit from St. Nicholas popularized the elements of nocturnal rounds of gift giving. The poem helped crystallize the image of a chubby Santa Claus with a sleigh and reindeer and arrival on the roof and down the chimney. But the century also has Longfellows lament about the Civil War and how the hope of peace can survive harsh reality. Meanwhile, Sir Walter Scott reflects on the holiday as celebrated by a baron in Scotland. Sir Walter Scott, â€Å"Christmas in the Olden Time† (from Marmion, 1808)Clement Clark Moore (attributed to him- but more probably written by Major Henry Livingston, Jr.),â€Å"A Visit from St. Nicholas† (first published in 1823, likely written in 1808)Emily Dickinson,â€Å"’Twas just this time last year I died† (#445)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,â€Å"Christmas Bells† (1864)Christina Rossetti,â€Å"In the Bleak Midwinter† (1872)Robert Louis Stevenson,â€Å"Christmas at Sea† (1888) Christmas Poems of the Early 20th Century These poems are ones worth setting aside some time to muse over their meanings and lessons. Did the oxen kneel at the manger? Who gave the poet an unseen kiss under the mistletoe? What is the worth of a field of trees if not to be cut down for Christmas trees? What brought the Magi and other visitors to the manger? Christmas can be a time for contemplation. G.K. Chesterton,â€Å"A Christmas Carol† (1900)Sara Teasdale,â€Å"Christmas Carol† (1911)Walter de la Mare,â€Å"Mistletoe† (1913)Thomas Hardy,â€Å"The Oxen† (1915)William Butler Yeats,â€Å"The Magi† (1916)Robert Frost, â€Å"Christmas Trees† (1920)

St Augustine and The Stoics Philosophy comparison and analysis Research Paper

St Augustine and The Stoics Philosophy comparison and analysis - Research Paper Example Augustine’s philosophy and its influence on our todays lives. However, philosophy has a number of unresolved questions, termed as philosophical problems. Among the problematics, moral knowledge, philosophy of language, questions on philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, questions on philosophy of science and finally Metaphysics. Additionally, the question problem include, does mathematics and science applied by the philosophers apply in today’s world? Did the philosophers deal with the mind problems? The paper also gives the comparisons on the two philosophies and broadly analyses the philosophies. Eventually, a summary of the impacts of the philosophies on today’s world is clearly highlighted. Philosophy is a topic that can never be underestimated. Augustine is a fourth-century philosopher whose ground-breaking philosophy infiltrated Christian doctrines with Neo-Platonism to a wider extent. Broadly, Neoplatonism refers to a school of philosophy based on teachings of Plato and subsequently and subsequently Plotinus. It was the foundation of paganism. Augustine being the founder of western Christianity got lot of recognition not only in Rome but also across the vast Europe1. Moreover, the philosopher got the fame from being an inimitable Catholic theologian and his adverse contributions to Western philosophy. The philosopher was the first ecclesiastical author the whole course of whose development can be clearly traced, as well as the first of whose case researcher can determine the exact period covered by his career till today. Augustine argued sceptics have no basis for claiming to know that there is no knowledge. Evidently in one of Augustine’s letter, he states, â€Å"even if I am mistaken, I am.† Additionally, Augustine was the first philosopher to promote what has come to be called, â€Å"the argument by analogy† against solipsism. To a wider extent, solipsism refers to the theory that the self is all that exists or that can be proven

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example The basic aim of this paper is to discuss the use of artificial intelligence in medical devices such as Vinci Surgery Robot. This paper will analyze the da-Vinci Surgery system for the modern AI based medical surgery arrangement. Artificial Intelligence or simply AI is generally defined as the engineering of developing machines carry out various tasks that need intelligence when done by humans (Copeland, 2000). In other words, the artificial intelligence is the analysis of artificial computational machines and systems which can be prepared to take action in a way which we would tend to identify as intelligent. In the beginning, artificial intelligence buzzword was launched as an idea to imitate human brain and look into the real-world complex issues with holistic human capabilities. However, the scholars and scientists from all through the globe are very energized concerning developments in modernization that have emerged from an inborn aspiration to make modern and innovative tools and technologies that help mankind to hang over their own physical ability. The history of AI can be traced back to the early 1950s. However, the artificial intelligence has got a little accomplishment in limited, or basic, fields. Thus, the sixty years from the beginning of artificial intelligence have offered merely very slow development or growth, and untimely brightness regarding the accomplishment of human intelligence has given way to an admiration of the thoughtful solution of the difficulty. Possibly, the publication of a paper entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" was the initial major happening in the history of AI, which was written by the British Mathematician Alan Turing. According to Alan Turing, if a machine is able to pass a definite test (that is now acknowledged as the 'Turing test') then that machine can be acknowledged as intelligent. Additionally, this way of testing a machine engages a person (identified as the reviewer) who is responsible for asking questions using a computer terminal with two other entities, in which one is a human and the other is a computer. However, if the reviewer frequently failed to properly differentiate the machine or computer from the human, then it can be said that the machine has passed the test. Thus, the artificial intelligence is a branch of science which involves developing intelligent machines, particularly intelligent computer applications. Additionally, it is linked to the identical job of utilizing computers to recognize human intelligence; however it is not necessary for the artificial intelligence to bind itself to techniques or rules that are physically visible. Though, sometimes it might be possible but not forever or even frequently. In addition, it can also be learned that how to build machines carrying out human jobs by analyzing our own ways of carrying out tasks or other people (McCarthy, 2001; Berkeley, 1997; Copeland, 2000; Kannan, 2010). AI allows the computers to be trained from skill, be familiar with patterns in huge amounts of complicated data and take difficult decisions derived from human knowledge and problem solving abilities (Hamrita; ThinkQuest, 1997). AI in Medical Industry The artificial intelligence has always been on the scope from practical fields to the thoughts in literature and movies. In this regard, the artificial intelligence mainly develops the capability to collect and perform operations

The Effects of the Harlem Renaissance to the Life of the Afro-Americans Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Harlem Renaissance to the Life of the Afro-Americans Essay History tells us that the Blacks were initially known nothing but slaves in the United States. They have been introduced in the United States as slaves in the tobacco plantations and since then they have always been treated as inferior and subordinate to the White folks. â€Å"As dark-skinned people, African-Americans have identified themselves and been identified by others as different from first-class citizens. Their color stands for poverty and poverty’s stigma (Andersen 4). † There has been great effort for a few of them to resist this oppression among the Whites but they did not in any way succeed. They have become a subject of tortures, lynchings, and abuses. Their ways were seen as backward and not modern. The American Civil war was said to have ended slavery but never the oppression that goes along with it. After the abolition of slavery by the former President Braham Lincoln, the Blacks were no longer employed as slaves, laundrywomen, workers, and tenants to the White folks but they remained to be discriminated. They were not acknowledged as human beings. They were loathed. They were seen as different and not worthy of respect. As a consequence, they hated their color, their culture, and their origin. They were insecure of themselves. And while they weren’t able to gain respect from others, even more disheartening, is they did not gain respect for themselves (Andersen 285). These dire situations of the Black changed during the Harlem Renaissance and forward. While there are many black people who were lynched in the South and most African Americans were not allowed to exercise their right to vote as citizens of the United States, â€Å"the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance questioned the value of democracy for their people (Painter 193). † They encouraged the wealthy and the educated Whites to work with then in converting the racist ideologies of most of the White masses. They worked with their white allies and discovered a lot more talented African-American writers. They shepherded their works of literature to printing. For the first time in the history of the Blacks, major publishers agreed to bring out their works. The main objective as Jessie Fauset saw it was to â€Å"find our own beautiful and praise-worthy, an intense chauvinism that is content with its own types (Painter 194). † As established in the preceding paragraphs, the Harlem Renaissance drew out from the Negros all the necessary racial pride and connection among themselves in order to gain self-identity and eventually emancipation (Painter 189). What Hurtson has to do with it and all other Black American writers is the responsibility of providing a path for the advancement of racial consciousness through literature and the other arts. They publicize and romaticize the Black experience as unique in itself and something that is worthy of attention and appreciation. They have inculcated among the African-Americans the vitality of knowing themselves apart from what the Whites imposed upon them by looking back and deep into their cultures and origins. Through these efforts and endeavours by Hurtson and many other writers, they were able to weaken the demeaning stereotype that surrounded the Black ego since time immemorial and has made them realized their place in America as an independent and free group of people. Works Cited Andersen, Margaret and Taylor, Howard Francis. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Connecticut: Thomson Wardsworth, 2006. Campbell, Josie P. Student Companion to Zora Neale Hurtson. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001